Question 1

Sharon typically watches televised news stations that support her existing political beliefs. She is less inclined to watch the news on other stations, as it may disprove her preconceptions. Sharon's approach illustrates the

Accepted Answer

A)   confirmation bias.
B)   misinformation effect.
C)   base-rate fallacy.
D)   I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon.E) None of the above
F) A) and C)

Question 2

Researchers provided study participants with evidence that either risk-prone or cautious people make better firefighters. When participants wrote an explanation for the findings, they were particularly susceptible to

Accepted Answer

A)   the fundamental attribution error.
B)   the hindsight bias.
C)   behavioral confirmation.
D)   belief perseverance.E) B) and D)
F) None of the above

Question 3

Counterfactual thinking is more likely when

Accepted Answer

A)   we are not expecting a favorable outcome.
B)   we are surprised by favorable results.
C)   we can easily picture an alternative outcome.
D)   the event is insignificant.E) None of the above
F) B) and C)

Question 4

According to research done by Miller and his colleagues (1975) , if you want young children to put trash in wastebaskets, you should repeatedly

Accepted Answer

A)   tell them that they should be neat and tidy.
B)   congratulate them for being neat and tidy.
C)   punish them for not putting litter is wastebaskets.
D)   tell them that people who litter are bad.E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 5

Fundamental attribution error is the tendency for observers to _____ situational influences and _____dispositional influences on behavior.

Accepted Answer

A)   overestimate; underestimate
B)   underestimate; overestimate
C)   underestimate; ignore
D)   overestimate; ignoreE) None of the above
F) A) and C)

Question 6

Jack and Jill are playing a game of "Monopoly." Jack is losing, but if he rolls at least an 11, he'll be able to pass "Go" and collect $200. When his turn comes he throws the dice as hard as he can in hopes of rolling a high number. Jack most clearly holds a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)   illusory correlation.
B)   illusion of control.
C)   representativeness heuristic.
D)   availability heuristic.E) B) and C)
F) B) and D)

Question 7

In a study conducted by Ridge and Reber (2002) , men had to interview women for a teaching assistant position. The men were told that job candidates were either attracted to them or not attracted. The findings revealed that the

Accepted Answer

A)   men were more likely to hire the female applicants.
B)   men were more likely to perceive the women as being attractive.
C)   women perceived the men as being attracted to them.
D)   applicants believed to feel an attraction exhibited more flirtatiousness.E) None of the above
F) All of the above

Question 8

When people viewed a videotape of a suspect confessing during a police interview with a camera focused on the suspect, they perceived the confession as genuine. If the camera was instead focused on the detective, they perceived it as more coerced. This is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)   the fundamental attribution error.
B)   the camera perspective bias.
C)   the suspect-detective bias.
D)   the perceived outgroup homogeneity effect.E) None of the above
F) A) and C)

Question 9

Jim who scored less in a subject regretted for not having studied sufficiently and wished he could have been more serious during his exams. This is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)   a representative heuristic.
B)   counterfactual thinking.
C)   an illusory correlation.
D)   the overconfidence phenomenon.E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 10

Which of the following is a thinking strategy that enables quick, efficient judgments?

Accepted Answer

A)   an implicit attitude
B)   an explicit attitude
C)   a heuristic
D)   a confirmation biasE) B) and C)
F) A) and B)

Question 11

Provide an example of the fundamental attribution error, and be sure to explain why the error is considered "fundamental."

Accepted Answer

An example of the fundamental attributio...

Question 12

Which statement is NOT correct as it relates to mood and judgment?

Accepted Answer

A)   Our moods color how we judge our worlds partly by bringing to mind past experiences associated with the mood.
B)   Mood-related thoughts may distract us from complex thinking processes.
C)   When emotionally aroused, we are less likely to make System 1 snap judgments.
D)   When watching a videotape of their behavior, subjects in a bad mood detected far fewer positive behaviors.E) None of the above
F) All of the above

Question 13

In the context of fundamental attribution error, observers tend to attribute a person's behavior to _____ with the passage of time.

Accepted Answer

A)   the situation
B)   his or her traits
C)   internal beliefs and preconceptions
D)   his or her dispositionsE) None of the above
F) C) and D)

Question 14

Activating particular associations in memory is called

Accepted Answer

A)   triggering.
B)   initiation.
C)   galvanization.
D)   priming.E) A) and B)
F) C) and D)

Question 15

The tendency to imagine alternative scenarios and outcomes that might have happened but did not is called

Accepted Answer

A)   the base-rate fallacy.
B)   automatic thinking.
C)   reflective bias.
D)   counterfactual thinking.E) All of the above
F) A) and C)

Question 16

Attributing behavior to a person's traits is called _____ attribution.

Accepted Answer

A)   motivational
B)   dispositional
C)   situational
D)   epigeneticE) B) and C)
F) C) and D)

Question 17

Which of the following strategies will NOT be helpful in reducing the overconfidence bias?

Accepted Answer

A)   Give prompt feedback to them about their decisions.
B)   Have them consider disconfirming information.
C)   Have them think about why they could be wrong.
D)   Give them feedback about others' performance.E) C) and D)
F) A) and D)

Question 18

Each semester, you repeatedly underestimate how long it will take you to complete a research paper that is due at the end of the term. Your behavior is an example of the

Accepted Answer

A)   perseverance bias.
B)   fundamental attribution error.
C)   correspondence bias.
D)   overconfidence phenomenon.E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 19

Describe how behavioral confirmation can take place in a classroom.

Accepted Answer

Behavioral confirmation can take place i...

Question 20

In the context of reconstructing past attitudes, researchers had students write essays opposing student control over university curricula. When asked to recall how they had felt about the same issue a week earlier most of the students

Accepted Answer

A)   remembered having held a very different attitude.
B)   could not remember how they had felt.
C)   mistakenly "remembered" having felt the same as they do now.
D)   admitted they had always supported student control of university curricula but pretended to oppose it in their essays.E) A) and B)
F) B) and D)

Exam 3: Consciousness and the Two-Track Mind

Attributing behavior to a person's traits is called _____ attribution.

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According to research done by Miller and his colleagues (1975) , if you want young children to put trash in wastebaskets, you should repeatedly

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Researchers provided study participants with evidence that either risk-prone or cautious people make better firefighters. When participants wrote an explanation for the findings, they were particularly susceptible to

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which statement is NOT correct as it relates to mood and judgment?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following is a thinking strategy that enables quick, efficient judgments?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Activating particular associations in memory is called

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Fundamental attribution error is the tendency for observers to _____ situational influences and _____dispositional influences on behavior.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Jim who scored less in a subject regretted for not having studied sufficiently and wished he could have been more serious during his exams. This is an example of

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The tendency to imagine alternative scenarios and outcomes that might have happened but did not is called

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In the context of fundamental attribution error, observers tend to attribute a person's behavior to _____ with the passage of time.

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Describe how behavioral confirmation can take place in a classroom.

Correct AnswerAnswered by ExamLex AIBehavioral confirmation can take place i...View AnswerShow Answer

Each semester, you repeatedly underestimate how long it will take you to complete a research paper that is due at the end of the term. Your behavior is an example of the

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Counterfactual thinking is more likely when

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Sharon typically watches televised news stations that support her existing political beliefs. She is less inclined to watch the news on other stations, as it may disprove her preconceptions. Sharon's approach illustrates the

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In a study conducted by Ridge and Reber (2002) , men had to interview women for a teaching assistant position. The men were told that job candidates were either attracted to them or not attracted. The findings revealed that the

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

When people viewed a videotape of a suspect confessing during a police interview with a camera focused on the suspect, they perceived the confession as genuine. If the camera was instead focused on the detective, they perceived it as more coerced. This is an example of

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following strategies will NOT be helpful in reducing the overconfidence bias?

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Jack and Jill are playing a game of "Monopoly." Jack is losing, but if he rolls at least an 11, he'll be able to pass "Go" and collect $200. When his turn comes he throws the dice as hard as he can in hopes of rolling a high number. Jack most clearly holds a(n)

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In the context of reconstructing past attitudes, researchers had students write essays opposing student control over university curricula. When asked to recall how they had felt about the same issue a week earlier most of the students

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Provide an example of the fundamental attribution error, and be sure to explain why the error is considered "fundamental."

Correct AnswerAnswered by ExamLex AIAn example of the fundamental attributio...View AnswerShow Answer

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Fundamental attribution error is the tendency for observers to _ situational influences and _dispositional influences on behavior.

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Behavioral confirmation can take place i...
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