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Exam 10: Inductive Logic

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Question 1

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Which of the following is the general disjunction rule?

A) If p and q are mutually exclusive, then P(p ⋁ q) = P(p) + P(q) .
B) If p and q are mutually exclusive, then P(p • q) = P(p) + P(q) .
C)
P(p ⋁ ~p) = P(p) - P(~p) .
D)
P(p ⋁ q) = P(p) + P(q) - P(p • q) .

E) A) and B)
F) None of the above

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Question 2

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Cogent arguments can have false conclusions.

A) True
B) False

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Question 3

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Which of the following would strengthen an argument from analogy?

Symbols list Where necessary, you may use the list below to copy-and-paste symbols into your answer. →;↔;•;~;⋁;\;≠;$;× Suppose that you have an ordinary deck of playing cards. Assuming that you are as likely to draw one card as another, what is the probability that on your next draw you will select the three of clubs or the three of hearts?

The method of difference involves identifying ways in which differences between events influence our perception of them.

Which of the following is the form of an argument from authority?

Whether an argument from authority is strong depends on whether the authority cited is reliable.

The fallacy of incomplete evidence arises for inductions by enumeration when

In which of the following samples is the sampling error the lowest?

Symbols list Where necessary, you may use the list below to copy-and-paste symbols into your answer. →;↔;•;~;⋁;\;≠;$;× Assume that P(A) = 3/5, P(B) = 3/10, P(C) = 7/10, P(D) = 4/5, and P(A/B) = 7/10. Assuming that C and D are independent, determine the following probability: P(B → B)

A statistical syllogism argues that because a certain percentage of a group has a certain characteristic and a particular thing is a member of that group, that particular thing must also have that characteristic.

P(A ? ~A) = P(A) + P(~A).

The smaller the sample of a population, the larger the margin of sampling error.

Symbols list Where necessary, you may use the list below to copy-and-paste symbols into your answer. →;↔;•;~;⋁;\;≠;$;× Suppose that you have an ordinary deck of playing cards. Assuming that you are as likely to draw one card as another, what is the probability that on your next draw you will select a king or a black card?

The percentage cited in a statistical syllogism may be less than 50.

A set of statements is exhaustive if they can't all be

Symbols list Where necessary, you may use the list below to copy-and-paste symbols into your answer. →;↔;•;~;⋁;\;≠;$;× Assume that P(A) = 3/5, P(B) = 3/10, P(C) = 7/10, P(D) = 4/5, and P(A/B) = 7/10. Assuming that C and D are independent, determine the following probability: P(B ⋁A)

The fallacy of incomplete evidence is committed in a statistical syllogism when one knowingly omits relevant evidence that bears on the truth of the conclusion.

In using the method of agreement, one attempts to identify a common factor in a range of cases.

The strength of an argument is determined solely by its form.